Health

Facing Methodological Challenges, ASD Researchers Emphasize Biological Insights

Published

3 years ago

July 4, 2021

Autism is one of the most common developmental disabilities, yet widely misunderstood, both by medical professionals and the community at large. This is part of the reason many individuals with the condition do not receive a correct diagnosis until later in life, and too often fail to get appropriate support.

Such extreme variables make researching the condition difficult, as well. For example, from an insurance perspective, autism support is often limited to early behavioral interventions for children, occupational, speech, and physical therapy. In some cases, carriers allow coverage for talk therapy-style care for adults.

Unfortunately, in terms of research into these targeted interventions, methodological issues have left scientists with few answers and a lot of conflicting information.

Quality, Bias, and Other Concerns

In a meta-analysis of various early intervention studies, researchers uncovered numerous cases of bias, poor methodology, and other obstacles. These included studies that based their results on parental reports, those that exhibited a high risk of bias because the intervention provider was gauging treatment effectiveness, and still more.

Early intervention certainly seems to yield some benefit, but there are many different kinds of support available, practitioner skill varies, and other factors pose challenges to study, not to mention expensive, unreliable tools for families.

Emphasizing Basic Research

Instead of focusing on more variable and often subjective matters like early intervention therapies, researchers are instead turning their attention to basic research, an approach that looks at foundational biological mechanisms to understand bodily processes. This is critical, given that research supported by the Brain Research Foundation established a new baseline case prevalence of 2.64% of the population.

That’s more than the incidence of epilepsy, inflammatory bowel disease, and ovarian cancer, among many other conditions. Nearly everyone knows someone who’s autistic.

As part of the focus on basic research, scientists have been examining the impact certain genes associated with autism spectrum disorders may have on brain development. One, known as Cullin 3, is regarded as a high-risk gene that can lead to a number of neurological deficits, including poor coordination, as well as certain social and cognitive impairments associated with autism.

This seems to be linked to changes in brain cell migration during development. In turn, that compels certain cells, which should be part of higher-level functions, to remain stuck in other regions of the brain.

Gender Bias, Gender Differences

For many years, autistic women have been pointing to diagnostic bias as a key reason why many girls and women have been overlooked. The diagnostic standards, patients and other advocates have argued, are modeled on a particular subset of boys, which likely led to serious gaps in understanding and support.

Although there is strong evidence for this, it may not be the only issue in play, though. Other research suggests that autism actually develops differently in boys and girls – in a more strictly biological sense.

One of the most marked distinctions the new research has turned up is that, during social interactions, the differences in brain activity between autistic and non-autistic girls is not the same as the differences seen in autistic and non-autistic boys. Girls also showed a greater number of gene variants that may affect the development of the brain known as the striatum, also not seen in boys.

In some senses, these are almost distinct conditions, which makes this one of the interesting challenges with regard to study of multi-genic conditions.

We are still years away from a clear understanding of the biological mechanisms that underlie autism, but the better the condition’s processes are understood, the more targeted interventions and supports can be. Like so much other scientific research, this could be the start of a long journey with much more to discover.

Health

Demystifying Health Insurance: Insights from Celia Reeves for Making Informed Choices for Better Care

Published

8 hours ago

October 19, 2024

Michelle Langton

Making informed choices for better care starts with a clear understanding of your options and a careful evaluation to ensure the best possible outcomes. Health insurance plays a crucial role in mitigating the risk of accumulating medical debt. To make the most informed decisions, begin by consulting reliable sources and seeking expert opinions. Engaging with healthcare professionals to discuss your specific needs and preferences allows you to weigh the benefits, risks, and costs associated with each option. Additionally, staying updated on the latest advancements and treatments is essential. By actively participating in the decision-making process and staying well-informed, you can enhance your care experience and achieve more personalized, effective results.

Navigating the complex world of health insurance can be daunting, given the wide array of plans and their intricate details. Yet, understanding the different types of health insurance policies and their implications is crucial for making informed decisions that not only enhance the quality of your care but also safeguard you against unexpected medical expenses. Alarmingly, about four in ten adults (41%) report being burdened by debt from unpaid medical or dental bills. The high cost of care is a significant barrier, with 9.3% of adults in 2022 avoiding doctor visits due to financial concerns. Simplifying these key aspects of health insurance—such as various plan types, common pitfalls, and effective strategies for selecting the most suitable coverage—is essential for better financial and health outcomes.

Amidst these complexities, Celia Reeves, also known as Celia “Cici” Reeves, the dynamic CEO and founder of Medical Coding Mama, provides a powerful example of how personal experiences can shape professional expertise. As CEO of Medical Coding Mama, Celia’s journey began with a profound personal experience: the support she received from doctors during her late husband’s battle with cancer. Inspired by this, she pursued a career in medical coding, dedicating herself to her studies and earning national certification in 2009. Her career flourished in Tucson, Arizona, where she worked with the state’s first female urologist and later founded Medical Coding Mama in 2016.

This venture allowed her to combine her coding knowledge with her experiences as a single parent, furthering her impact on the medical coding community. Today, Celia continues to excel in her field, finding joy in Arizona sunsets and spending time with her teenage daughter, all while contributing significantly to the medical coding community. Her story underscores the tangible effects of healthcare on individuals’ lives, bridging the gap between the abstract intricacies of insurance and the real-world impact of medical care.

Types of Health Insurance Plans

Health insurance plans come in various forms, with Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) and Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs) being two of the most common.

HMOs require members to choose a primary care physician (PCP) and get referrals from this PCP to see specialists. While these plans often have lower premiums and out-of-pocket costs, they limit access to healthcare providers within the HMO’s network.
PPOs on the other hand, offer greater flexibility. Members can see any healthcare provider without a referral, though staying within the network reduces out-of-pocket costs. PPOs typically have higher premiums but provide more freedom in selecting providers and accessing services.

Another option is Co-operative health plans (co-ops), which are member-run organizations operating on a non-profit basis. These plans can offer more affordable coverage through collective bargaining, but they vary significantly in structure and coverage, making thorough research essential.

Avoiding Unexpected Medical Bills

Celia highlights the importance of thoroughly understanding your health insurance policy to prevent unexpected medical expenses. “I admit, the policy can be tedious to read, but skipping it can lead to more trouble than it’s worth. It will clearly outline what’s covered and what isn’t,” she explains.

She advises reviewing your coverage details to understand which services, treatments, and medications are included. Pay close attention to whether your plan uses in-network or out-of-network providers, as opting for out-of-network care often results in higher costs. Additionally, familiarize yourself with deductibles, copayments, and coinsurance rates to better budget for medical expenses and avoid financial surprises.

Common Pitfalls in Choosing a Health Insurance Plan

One significant pitfall is choosing a plan based solely on its cost. While lower premiums may be appealing, they often come with trade-offs like higher deductibles or limited coverage. Another common mistake is not fully understanding what is covered under the policy. This can lead to discovering gaps in coverage only after incurring medical expenses.

To avoid these issues, focus on “non-negotiables”—the crucial services and benefits that must be included in your plan based on your health needs. Prioritizing these ensures that your chosen plan adequately covers necessary treatments and services.

Comparing Health Insurance Plans

When selecting a health insurance plan, Celia emphasizes the importance of considering several key factors to ensure you choose the one that best fits your needs.

First, be transparent about any pre-existing conditions to evaluate how effectively the plan addresses your specific health concerns. Next, verify that the plan covers your medications and understand how these are categorized in the formulary, as this will influence your out-of-pocket expenses. Additionally, compare the plan’s coverage options for specialist care, emergency services, and preventive care to ensure it aligns with your overall healthcare requirements.

Resources for Understanding Health Insurance

Understanding your health insurance benefits becomes much simpler with the right resources. As Celia advises, don’t hesitate to reach out to the insurance professionals who sold you the policy—they’re there to answer your questions and can act as a crucial link between you and the insurer, especially if any issues arise with your coverage. The Summary of Benefits and Coverage (SBC) is another essential tool, offering a clear overview of key policy details to help you quickly grasp the important features and limitations. Additionally, online tools and calculators allow you to compare different plans based on your specific health needs and financial situation, ensuring you select the best option for your circumstances.

Making informed choices about health insurance involves understanding the types of plans available, recognizing the importance of policy details, and being aware of common pitfalls. By carefully comparing options and utilizing available resources, you can select a plan that best meets your healthcare needs and financial constraints.